Neste Blog realizamos: 1 - Atualização sobre SAÚDE PÚBLICA, PESQUISA BIOMÉDICA E BIOSSEGURANÇA. 2 - Atualização sobre a ocorrência de Doenças de importância em animais de laboratório e outras espécies. 3 - Troca de Informações sobre Doenças Infecciosas, Zoonoses, Licenciamento Ambiental, Defesa Sanitária Animal, Vigilância Sanitária, Boas Práticas de Laboratório e demais assuntos relacionados à sanidade e Saúde Pública.
Pesquisar Neste Blog
sexta-feira, 1 de abril de 2011
Museu da Vida inaugura hoje a exposição "Elementar: a química que faz o mundo"
Causes of Death for Dogs by Breed and Age: An Important New Study
It has long been recognized that there are patterns in the causes of death for our dogs. Younger dogs die from different things than older dogs, and different breeds have greater or lesser risk of dying from different causes. Understanding these patterns is helpful in many ways. It helps owners know what sort of problems to watch out for in their pets. It helps veterinarians focus on the most likely cause of a particular dog’s illness. And most importantly it guides us in identifying specific risks for individual patients and taking action to minimize these and prevent or delay illness and death.
Causes of death also change over time, and they are influenced by how we care for our pets. Nutrition, vaccination, neutering, confining pets rather than letting them roam, and many other factors under our control influence the causes of mortality in our pets. But the relationship between these things and what our pets die from isn’t always what we think it is. There is a lot of mythology and misconception out there about the risks our pets face, and it requires careful, objective, and laborious research to identify the true mortality patterns that will then let us identify the best ways to reduce these risks.
A new study from the University of Georgia makes a major contribution to our understanding of the causes of mortality in different breeds of dog.
Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death. J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Mar;25(2):187-98.
This study involved sifting through 20 years of records from the Veterinary Medical Database, a collaborative resource that includes records from 27 North American veterinary medical school teaching hospitals. Causes of death for over 75,000 dogs in this database were identified of the relationships between cause of death, age at death, and breed were analyzed. The results are occasionally surprising, or fill in gaps where no previous data were available, but they also often confirm recognized patterns long established for humans and previously demonstrated or expected for our dogs.
Causes of death were categorized in two ways: by the organ system involved, and by the category of disease (called the “pathophysiological process”). This allowed the investigators to identify both what specific organs in the body were most often involved in fatal disease for individuals of each breed and also what kind of disease led to death. The figure below shows the percentage of dogs in the study who’s deaths could be attributed to specific kinds of disease of disease in particular organs, both for juvenile animals (less than 1 year old at death) and adults (over 1 year old at death).
Overall, this shows that the organ systems in which fatal disease arises are remarkably similar for young and old dogs. And the relative contribution of particular organ systems to mortality is fairly even, though the gastrointestinal, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems tend to be involved more often, and the skin, eyes, liver, and glandular systems are less commonly involved. The figure also illustrates that the causes of death are quite different for dogs of different ages. Young dogs are overwhelming likely to die of infection, trauma, or congenital disease, whereas cancer (neoplasia) is by far the greatest cause of death in older dogs.
The other figure that I think most effectively illustrates the findings of this study, shows the frequency of particular causes of death at different ages. This contains, in some ways, the same information as the chart above, but it helps to clarify quite nicely what I believe is a key pattern.
Again, clearly death from infection, trauma, and congenital diseases are by far the most common before about 2 years of age, and the risk of cancer rises steadily with age until it peaks at about 10 years, Interestingly, the cancer risk overall then drops after this age, though it is still the most common cause of death.
The paper also contains a lot of information about the most common causes of death for many individual breeds, which it would be cumbersome to reproduce here. Some patterns are familiar to many veterinarians, such as the relatively higher incidence of cancer deaths in Boxers and Golden retrievers than in many other breeds, and the high frequency with which small breed dogs suffer from neurologic and cardiac disease. However, other patterns have not previously been identified in scientific research, such as the high rate of cancer deaths in Bouvier de Flandres dogs and the relatively high rate of cardiovascular causes of death in Fox Terriers. More detailed and specific research will be required to sort out the causes, and possible treatment or preventative interventions, involved in these breed-specific patterns. However, this study gives us many new and potentially useful targets for such further investigation.
So what sort of useful conclusions can we draw from these data? Well, we can say, for example, that cancer is a disease associated with aging, and it is far more common in older dogs than in younger dogs. And, despite the claims sometimes made that it is due to chronic exposure to toxins in commercial dog food, vaccination, and so on, the fact is that the incidence of cancer increases with age in all breeds regardless of differences in lifestyle, and that it also becomes less common in the oldest individuals. If it were simply a matter of the risk going up the longer dogs were exposed to such purported environmental toxins, then the risk should continue to rise steadily with age. However, it is well established in humans that there are genetic predispositions to cancer as well as age-associated increases in risk, and that those individuals who survive to extreme old age are relatively less likely to get cancer since they appear to have protective genetic constitutions. The variation in cancer risk by breed and the age-associated patterns seen in this study show a similar pattern.
In short, cancer occurs largely as a result of the interaction between genetic risk factors and age, with lesser contributions from environmental influences that also interact with genetic factors. Cancer is what you die of if you’ve avoided dying of infectious disease and trauma and lived long enough to get it. The relative increase in cancer as a cause of death in our dogs over the last few decades is a sign of our success in reducing the importance of these other causes, not a damning indictment of our toxic environment or nutritional and vaccination practices.
There are, of course a number of limitations and caveats to the data in this study and the conclusions we draw from them. Perhaps the greatest of these is that the dogs studied were individuals seen at veterinary teaching hospitals. These hospitals typically see the sickest patients and the most complex or unusual cases, since less severe or common problems are often taken care of by private practice veterinarians. And some research suggests that many dog owners do not routinely seek veterinary care at all, much less the high-level care offered at a teaching hospital. So the study population may not be representative of the overall dog population, and the particular causes of death may not accurately reflect those of all dogs, even if the general patterns are the same. If, for example, dogs not seen at teaching hospitals are less likely to have recommended vaccinations or other preventative care, or are less likely to be taken to a vet if injured, then the relative contribution of infection and trauma as causes of death may be higher in the general population than in the dogs in this study.
And the information in this report doesn’t specifically tell us how common specific causes of death are in particular breeds or particular ages, that is the absolute frequency of these causes. To figure that out, we’d need to know something about all the dogs of each breed at each age who didn’t die. The data can only tell us the relative frequency of different causes in each breed. And we can’t yet know about changes in these risks over time, or about regional differences, though the authors are apparently continue to analyze the data to find some of those answers. It will be interesting and useful to see what trends are identified over time in these data. I would expect, for example, that the relative importance of infectious disease as a cause of death would decrease over time as prevention and treatment improve and are utilized by more pet owners. But only time and the hard work of these researchers will tell.
Still, this is an important study which adds significantly to our understanding of the causes of death in our canine companions and which will help guide future efforts to understand these causes and reduce or eliminate those risks we can.
New issue Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz | Vol. 106(2) | March 2011
Vol. 106(2) - March 2011 Click on link to access pdf of articles. | |
Confocal microscopy of the two forms of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis stained with calcofluor white (cell wall, green) and SYBR Green I (DNA, red). Bottom: mycelia; top: yeast. Image by Marcus M. Teixeira and André M. Nicola. See pages: 220-226. | |
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CONTENTS
ARTICLES
Antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic characterisation of macrolide resistant isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae
- Priscila AM Nakamura, Rôde Beatriz B Schuab, Felipe PG Neves, Cláudio FA Pereira, Geraldo R de Paula, Rosana R Barros
[ Pdf ]
Malaria seroprevalence in blood bank donors from endemic and non-endemic areas of Venezuela
- Carmen Elena Contreras, Marcos De Donato, María Ana Rivas, Hectorina Rodulfo, Robert Mora, María Eulalia Batista, Norka Marcano
[ Pdf ]
New insights into trypanosomatid U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- Marco Túlio A da Silva, Daniela L Ambrósio, Caroline C Trevelin,Tatiana F Watanabe, Helen J Laure, Lewis J Greene, José C Rosa, Sandro R Valentini, Regina MB Cicarelli
[ Pdf ]
Detection of rifampin-resistant genotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reverse hybridization assay
- Raquel de A Maschmann, Mirela Verza, Marcia SN Silva, Rosa Dea Sperhacke, Marta O Ribeiro, Philip Noel Suffys, Harrison Magdinier Gomes, Enrico Tortoli, Fiorella Marcelli, Arnaldo Zaha, Maria Lucia R Rossetti
[ Pdf ]
The ability of haemolysins expressed by atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to bind to extracellular matrix components
- Caroline A Magalhães, Sarita S Rossato, Ângela S Barbosa, Thiago O dos Santos, Waldir P Elias, Marcelo P Sircili, Roxane MF Piazza
[ Pdf ]
Schistosoma mansoni: a method for inducing resistance to praziquantel using infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails
- Flávia FB Couto, Paulo Marcos Z Coelho, Neusa Araújo, John R Kusel, Naftale Katz, Liana K Jannotti-Passos, Ana Carolina A Mattos
[ Pdf ]
Studying nanotoxic effects of CdTe quantum dots in Trypanosoma cruzi
- Cecilia Stahl Vieira, Diogo Burigo Almeida, André Alexandre de Thomaz, Rubem Figueredo Sadok Menna-Barreto, Jacenir Reis dos Santos-Mallet, Carlos Lenz Cesar, Suzete Araujo Oliveira Gomes, Denise Feder
[ Pdf ]
Correlation between koilocytes and human papillomavirus detection by PCR in oral and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma biopsies
- Glauco Issamu Miyahara, Luciana Estevam Simonato, Neivio José Mattar, Deolino João Camilo Jr, Eder Ricardo Biasoli
[ Pdf ]
Descriptive ecology of bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) associated with vampire bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the cerrado of central Brazil
- Ludmilla Moura de Souza Aguiar, Yasmine Antonini
[ Pdf ]
The impact of the nelfinavir resistance-conferring mutation D30N on the susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype B to other protease inhibitors
- André FA Santos, Marcelo A Soares
[ Pdf ]
An experimental protocol for the establishment of dogs with long-term cellular immune reactions to Leishmania antigens
- Márcia Cristina Aquino Teixeira, Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira, Patrícia Oliveira Meira Santos, Thiago Campanharo Bahiense, Virginia Maria Goes da Silva, Márcio Silva Rodrigues, Daniela Farias Larangeira, Washington Luis Conrado dos-Santos, Lain Carlos Pontes-de-Carvalho
[ Pdf ]
Correlation of meta 1 expression with culture stage, cell morphology and infectivity in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes
- Marcos Gonzaga dos Santos, Maria Fernanda Laranjeira da Silva, Ricardo Andrade Zampieri, Rafaella Marino Lafraia, Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter
[ Pdf ]
Colorimetric microwell plate reverse-hybridization assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection
- Candice Tosi Michelon, Franciele Rosso, Karen Barros Schmid, Rosa Dea Sperhacke, Martha Maria Oliveira, Afrânio Lineu Kritski, Leonides Rezende Jr, Elis Regina Dalla Costa, Andrezza Woloski Ribeiro, Mirela Verza, Patrícia Izquierdo Cafrune, Márcia Susana Nunes Silva, Daniele Kuhleis, Arnaldo Zaha, Maria Lucia Rosa Rossetti
[ Pdf ]
Identification of candidate antigens from adult stages of Toxocara canis for the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis
- Patrícia Longuinhos Peixoto, Evaldo Nascimento, Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado, Rodrigo Rodrigues Cambraia de Miranda, Regina Lunardi Rocha, Ricardo Nascimento Araújo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
[ Pdf ]
Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil
- Ilana Mirian Almeida Felipe, Dorlene Maria Cardoso de Aquino, Oliver Kuppinger, Max Diego Cruz Santos, Maurício Eduardo Salgado Rangel, David Soeiro Barbosa, Aldina Barral, Guilherme Loureiro Werneck, Arlene de Jesus Mendes Caldas
[ Pdf ]
Modulation of expression and activity of cytochrome P450s and alteration of praziquantel kinetics during murine schistosomiasis
- Mara A Gotardo, Juliana T Hyssa, Renato S Carvalho, Rosangela R De-Carvalho, Luciana S Gueiros, Carolina M Siqueira, Marcia Sarpa, Ana Cecilia AX De-Oliveira, Francisco JR Paumgartten
[ Pdf ]
Polymorphism analysis of the CTLA-4 gene in paracoccidioidomycosis patients
- Viviane F Lozano1, Tulio C Lins, Marcus M Teixeira, Rodrigo G Vieira, Maria Heloisa SL Blotta, Alfredo M Goes, Izabel Cristina R Silva, Rinaldo W Pereira, Anamelia L Bocca, Maria Sueli S Felipe
[ Pdf ]
Parvovirus B19 antibodies and correlates of infection in pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in central Nigeria
- Samuel E Emiasegen, Lohya Nimzing, Moses P Adoga, Adamu Y Ohagenyi, Rufai Lekan
[ Pdf ]
Dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other Triatominae species in the arid Chaco of Argentina - Flying, walking or passive carriage? The importance of walking females
- Luciana Beatriz Abrahan, David Eladio Gorla, Silvia Susana Catalá
[ Pdf ]
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Influence of anti-filarial chemotherapy strategies on the genetic structure of Wuchereria bancrofti populations
- Dhamodharan Ramasamy, Hoti Sugeerappa Laxmanappa, Rohit Sharma, Manoj Kumar Das
[ Pdf ]
2D-immunoblotting analysis of Sporothrix schenckii cell wall
- Estela Ruiz-Baca, Héctor M Mora-Montes, Everardo López-Romero, Conchita Toriello, Virgilio Mojica-Marín, Norma Urtiz-Estrada
[ Pdf ]
- Aretha Molina Sesana, Renata Monti-Rocha, Solange Alves Vinhas, Carlos Gustavo Morais, Reynaldo Dietze, Elenice Moreira Lemos
[ Pdf ]
Aproximando o conhecimento científico da população
Divulgação/FMP |
Idealizador do projeto, Passos aposta que o museu servirá tanto para |
O Museu de Anatomia Humana e Patológica é o primeiro museu de ciências da região serrana. Aberto à visitação desde agosto de 2010, já recebeu mais de quatro mil espectadores entre estudantes e turistas. "Um dos grupos-alvo são alunos do ensino fundamental e médio, uma vez que uma das finalidades da exposição é educar. Já recebemos visitas de escolas do Rio de Janeiro, como os colégios São José e Santo Inácio, e de 98 escolas da região serrana. Em abril, inclusive, está agendada a visita de uma turma de nutrição da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora", comenta Passos.
O pesquisador afirma que o museu também é voltado ao público leigo, que tem curiosidade em saber como é o corpo humano e seu funcionamento. "É bom tanto para estudantes compreenderem o que estão estudando em sala de aula quanto para a sociedade em geral", acredita Passos.
Sob supervisão dos professores, estudantes e técnicos dos departamentos de anatomia humana e anatomia patológica são responsáveis por preparar as peças selecionadas para a exposição. Dois artistas plásticos trabalharam na arrumação da mostra, que foi separada em seis seções: Sistema Reprodutor; Sistema Digestivo; Sistema Circulatório, Cardíaco e Nervoso; Sistema Locomotor; Diagnósticos; e Sentidos e Tecnologia.
Segundo o pesquisador, a disposição foi pensada para divulgar conhecimento em anatomia humana de forma compreensível, didática e real, com o mínimo de impacto mórbido. "Para complementar as explicações, usamos também fotografias, ilustrações e vídeos, entre outras estratégias", explica Passos. Ele adianta ainda que o próximo passo é utilizar a técnica da plastinação, pela qual um cadáver preparado fica bem parecido com seu aspecto in vivo.
Mais do que mostrar peças anatômicas, o pesquisador enfatiza a preocupação que tiveram em comparar a anatomia humana normal com a patológica. "A ideia é mostrar ao público como algumas doenças comprometem os órgãos do corpo. Por exemplo, como o diabetes afeta o pâncreas, como o enfisema deixa o pulmão ou ainda como a pressão alta prejudica o coração e as artérias. Esse conteúdo, inclusive, pode ajudar durante as campanhas de preservação da saúde", aposta o médico.
Divulgação/FMP |
Novos projetos em vista: recursos serão usados para fixar a estrutura do museu em prédio próprio da FMP e para montar uma exposição itinerante |
Para Passos, o novo museu é mais uma atração turística para Petrópolis, já famosa por seu acervo cultural. "Manter o diálogo entre o conhecimento desenvolvido na instituição e a população é uma ótima ferramenta para massificar a ciência e a tecnologia." A atual exposição está aberta à visitação de segunda a sexta, das 9h às 20h, e sábado, das 9h às 13h. As escolas podem agendar visitas guiadas e orientadas por um professor ou monitor de anatomia. O museu fica no Centro Cultural FASE/ Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis (Casa Hercílio Esteves – Av. Barão do Rio Branco, 1.003 – Centro de Petrópolis). Telefone de contato: (24) 2244-6464.
© FAPERJ – Todas as matérias poderão ser reproduzidas, desde que citada a fonte.
Tecnologia ajuda diagnosticar doenças respiratórias via internet
Tela do programa scanRX, que guia o usuário na digitalização das imagens de raios X, que a seguir são transmitidas pela internet. |
Cogumelo do sol é eficaz contra leishmaniose
O cogumelo do sol é um fungo típico da biodiversidade brasileira, descoberto por uma comunidade japonesa na década de 1970, em São Paulo, na Serra da Piedade. |
Por um Rio sem dengue
Larvas do Aedes aegypti: na fase adulta, o mosquito passa a infectar. Registros de dengue chegam a 11.444 no Rio, em 2011 |
Considerada uma doença negligenciada, típica de países tropicais em desenvolvimento, a dengue é uma questão de saúde pública que exige cautela constante. A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e Defesa Civil do Rio divulgou na terça-feira, 29 de março, que a cidade já registra 11.444 casos de dengue desde o início de 2011. Dentro desse total, foi confirmado em apenas 24 horas, da segunda, 28 de março, para a terça, 29, o surgimento de mais 813 casos em todo o município. Para ajudar a reverter esse quadro, pesquisadores e autoridades governamentais empenham-se no combate à doença transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, seja por meio de estudos científicos ou da promoção de campanhas para a conscientização da população e eliminação dos focos do vetor. |
Campanha "10 minutos contra Dengue" na Praia do Leme: população observou no microscópio exemplares do mosquito |
“A ideia central é mobilizar as pessoas para investirem dez minutos do seu tempo, toda semana, eliminando potenciais criadouros do mosquito em suas casas”, explica o professor e bioquímico Marcos Sorgine, do Instituto de Bioquímica Médica da UFRJ, que coordena a iniciativa junto com a professora Denise Valle, do Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz). A inspiração surgiu de uma campanha de mobilização contra a dengue em Cingapura, que contribuiu bastante para o controle de uma grande epidemia nesse país asiático, em 2004/2005. “O ciclo de vida do mosquito, desde o ovo até a fase adulta, leva dez dias. Se uma vez por semana os criadouros domésticos forem eliminados, será o suficiente para interromper o ciclo do mosquito, que só faz vítimas na fase adulta”, justifica.